Contrasting learning and intellectual disabilities Essay

Contrasting learning and intellectual disabilities - Essay Example Students with learning disabilities need alternative learning methods, in a manner similar to a student who needs glasses to see (Hallahan, 2011). They require help, and with it they work as much as their peers. Intellectual disabilities, on the other hand, are those that decrease the cognitive skill of the student in a major way (Hallahan, 2011). Some of the similarities between students with learning disabilities and students with intellectual disabilities are that they have low expectations, are academically and socially unwary, lack of self drive, are poor in interpreting important things, poor family preparation for school and have gaps in technology access (Hallahan, 2011). What I would like to explore more about is how intellectual disabilities decrease the cognitive process of a student and how a student might be helped to grow from this challenge. As I was conducting my study, I learned that intellectual disability is worse compared to learning disability; therefore, it would be vital to find ways to assist students whom this condition is

Tort law should not and could not be used to achieve distributive Essay

Tort law should not and could not be used to achieve distributive goals - Essay Example Tort law cannot achieve distributive goals and this attempt would be illegitimate, undesirable, ineffective and non feasible. For instance tort law cannot meet the progressive redistribution of wealth from rich to poor but it is the other way round. Tort law cannot advance the status of groups that are disadvantaged in society since in so many ways it runs short of fairness and that the bottom line is compensation. Social rationality and resource allocation is against the less social valued in society practicing tort law. Tort law cannot achieve distributive goals because it is full of indifference. It is questionable that omissions in tort law are often treated as incurring less liability than acts. Treatment of omission is different from that of acts therefore tort law is law of indifference as in Slovin v Wise (1996) 3 WLR 389. Responsibility for omission is less than that for acts even if damage was identical. It is argued that limiting responsibilities for an individual especially in relation to obligation is the duty of state. In Liability for omission, a distinction is drawn between misfeasance where a party is negligent and nonfeasance where a party does nothing at all. The general rule is that there is no liability for an omission (Slovin v Wise (1996) 3 WLR 389). In justice and rights, morality places an obligation on every individual to save life whenever it is possible. A person wat ching a small child drown in swallow water is morally obliged to save that child. The law of omission in tort gives a leeway. Tort law is a law of monetary compensation and in cases of omission there is no financial claim that results from nonfeasance. In tort, the value of social justice cannot be realized. For instance, Party intervened during an incident that leads to injury is view as less responsible if some third party comes in and causes subsequent harm. Attention is therefore shifted from the negligent act of the defendant toward the immediate wrong inflicted by the third party. It is unjust to say that the original negligent act exemplifies the fact that where injury to property is caused though fault of another party the other party is liable to compensate for the injury caused. It goes without saying that the perpetrator of careless act should be held responsible for injuries caused through there unreasonable behaviour. in Baker v Willoughy (1970) HL the court in the case held that the duty of the motorist and pedestrian with regard to keeping a proper look-out were different; appointment of liability, 25% to pedestrian and 75% to driver. Three years later before a decision on the case was made the claimant was shot during armed robbery in the previously injured led. D still had to make full payment despite the supervening injury because the injury did not rise by accident or lantern condition. The facts of this case demonstrate clearly that tort law cannot achieve distributive goals. For justice to prevail everyone should bear responsibility for their own act. Criminal justice call for a sentence toward the offender in equal measures to the wrong done. If the offender will be a threat to the public, justice and rights of individuals provide for imprisonment. The outcome of tort law can be so unpredictable and economically it may seem difficult to measure permanent damages especially those related to health in monetary terms. In addition, foreseeabl e consequences

Self Determination Theory | Analyis

Self Determination Theory | Analyis Quality effective coaching is about interdisciplinary knowledge. As well as the ability to recognise implicit and explicit decision making. Coaching is essentially about problem solving, a good coach uses a procedural and declarative knowledge compilation to help towards problem solving. A good example of this would be the Kolbs Experimental Cycle (1984). It shows a continuous flow of development, including; reflective observation, abstract conceptualisation, active experimentation and concrete experience. This implies that learning is a process where knowledge is created through the transformation of experience. Within this essay I will be discussing an understanding of two different coaching science theories and how they can be applied to real coaching experiences. I will be critiquing both theories, showing how I can improve in aspects of the theory in my coaching and how they both incorporate reflective practice. Self determination theory (SDT) represents a broad framework for the study of human motivation and personality. The theory is based on the premise that individuals pursue self determined goals to satisfy their basic psychological needs to independently solve problems, interact socially, and overcome tasks. According to SDT, a concept that could explain the relationship between participants motivation and their experiences in exercise is due to the level to which their behaviours are autonomous. Autonomous is when a task is; fully volitional, freely pursued, and wholly endorsed by the person. When participants exercise experiences are controlled, i.e. pursued and directed by external or internal forces, it leaves participants feeling like they have very little or no choice. Research clearly supports the idea that individuals have different types of motivation, ranging from high (autonomous) to low (controlled) levels of self determination. Participants can be intrinsically motivated, when they engage in learning activities for their own benefit, and extrinsically motivated when they engage in activities for influential reasons. Intrinsic motivation represents the model of self determination, because a person is motivated to act for the fun or challenge entailed in the behaviour rather than because of external factors, such as pressures or rewards. In contrast extrinsic motivation embraces a variety of behavioural factors that vary in their level of self determination. Intrinsic and indentified regulations are self determined, whereas external and introjected regulations are non self determined forms of motivation (Tessier et al, 2010). Motivational characteristics are influential in shaping participants desire to persist in sport or to discontinue their sport participation. Self determination theory suggests adolescents are more likely to follow peer leaders who afford them autonomy to choose, an avenue for relatedness with the leader and other members of their group, and a sense of competence for the task they are doing (Ward et al, 2010). Although psychological and physical benefits can be obtained from participation in competitive sport (Mandigo and Holt, 2000), it can also lead to damaged self esteem and mood disturbances, particularly when youths experience performance pressure from close adults (Reeve and Deci, 1996). For these reasons, the influence of coaches and parents on youth participants sporting experiences is an issue of high importance in sport psychology. There is considerable research on the interaction of parents and coaches with sport participants. For example, parental pressure predicted decreased enjoyment in basketball (Brustad, 1988), and parental and coach positive emotional involvement predicted the enjoyment in football (Ommun dsen and Vaglum, 1991). Also, having an autocratic coach who provided little feedback decreased involvement and intrinsic motivation. Self determination theory proposes that humans have three fundamental needs that must be satisfied in the social context. The first need is to feel autonomous in performing an activity. Autonomy involves being volitional and acting in such a way as to represent your integrated sense of self (Deci and Ryan, 2000). Autonomy support can be enhanced by allowing participants within an environment to choose the things that they enjoy and really want to do. The second need is to perceive relatedness with others in the community of involvement. By working hard as or within a group, participants can achieve a sense of team bonding, which can in turn lead to strong friendships. A third fundamental need is to perceive competence in relation to the activity. Competence is widely regarded as fundamental to the expression of motivation in the sport context (Reinboth and Duda, 2006). Youth sport literature suggests that experiencing competence in sports is strongly related to being accepted by a pe er group and having positive peer relationships within a group (Weiss and Duncan, 1992). Results from Vazou, et al (2005) even suggested that youths perception of their own competence was related to the level of support and acceptance by peers in the group. This developmental process is about gaining a sense of accomplishment and believing in yourself to complete a task to the best of your ability. This can lead to motivational outcomes in self determination theory. However, this does not account for learning acquisition of new skills, like contextual interference theory. One challenge that many coaches encounter is how to best structure practice schedules that will facilitate the development of skilful movements (Porter, Landin, Hebert, Baum, 2007). Contextual interference (CI) is a functional interference in a practice environment which affects the structure of the session to improve learning effectiveness. The stage of learner development will directly affect the structure of the practice session. It is well established that interference during practice has substantial influence on skill learning (Guadagnoli and Lee, 2004). The contextual interference effect acknowledges that learning is enhanced when interference during practice is high, such as when participants practice multiple tasks in a random order. Results from studies investigating the effects of practice order on motor learning typically show that a random practice order enhances motor learning more when compared with that of a blocked practice order (Wright, Magnuson and Black, 2005). One way to control interference during practice of multiple tasks is to change the order in which the tasks are practiced. For example, a random practice order in which tasks are practiced in a quasi random order (i.e., 3-1-2, 1-2-3, 2-3-1), where each number represents a skill, is thought to introduce more interference than a blocked practice order in which each skill is practiced repeatedly prior to switching to the next skill (i.e., 1-1-1, 2-2-2, 3-3-3). Football, basketball, and volleyball are activities which require general strategies to be formed to cope with the unlimited variations of situations which arise within the game. These open skilled games require variety in training for cognitive generalization to occur, so that the participants can adapt to various unique competitive task demands. It is still important for athletes to experience a significant number of successful practices, whether for variable or specific skills, to achieve an eventual state of over learning (Chr istina, 1996). In a study by Porter and Saemi (2010), they showed that practicing with systematic increases in contextual interference for multiple days would perform better than equally skilled participants who practiced with traditional blocked and random scheduling. The participants practiced three different basketball related passes using either a blocked, random, or increasing contextual interference practice schedule. All participants practiced trials every day for five consecutive days. Participants completed an immediate retention test, and a 48 hr delayed retention test. The results of the immediate and delayed retention test showed that practicing with gradual increases in contextual interference resulted in superior performance compared to traditional blocked and random scheduling. These results were important because the 48 hr delay more accurately reflected a real world athletic environment. It is common for athletes to practice for multiple days in training, and then receive a one to two day break before a game. Therefore it is important to measure the learning of sport skills after one or two days without practice. The findings presented in this experiment suggest that coaches working with moderately skilled athletes can create effective learning environments by progressing from a blocked to a more random schedule during practice. The results further suggest that the benefits of an increasing contextual interference practice schedule can be observed when practice sessions are spaced over multiple days. One reason why a practice schedule that offers gradual increases in contextual interference may be beneficial is because it challenges learners at the appropriate level by creating an environment that becomes progressively more difficult as the athletes skill level improves (Porter and Saemi, 2010). The evidence for contextual interference is strong, when the skills practiced are dissimilar. However, when contextual interference is used, the performer actually spends less time working on any specific skill than if they were to use blocked practice (McMorris and Hale, 2006). The coach must determine how long to spend on any individual skill, this is completely reliant on the level and ability of the performer. Blocked practice may be more beneficial to an athlete wishing to fine tune a specific technique, which will require a lot more time spent practicing that skill technique, for example, a golf swing. On the other hand, for a beginner, the range of skill practices acquired during a contextual interference session may be more beneficial to them. This will allow them to practice a large variety of skills over a short space of time, possibly giving a better rate of retention long term. Both of these theories can be applied in a coaching setting to help participants learning and motivational needs. For a coach, the use of pedagogy and theory based practices are essential in developing a coaching session that is sufficient for the requirements of the participants. Each theory gives the coach a set of structure to the session, and allows the participants to get the most out of it. From personal experience of using both theories in real life practice, I can see that both have their advantages, although dependant on participants ability level and understanding of a specific sport. With regards to self determination theory, the coach can integrate forms of structure, autonomy support and involvement into a session using a variety of methods. Structure can be enhanced by using clear organisation and clearly stated procedures of participant expectation. Sessions should be challenging with maximum participation, allowing coaches to provide informative and timely feedback. F or example, positive and constructive feedback given throughout session to group and individuals encouraging work towards clear session goals, as long the feedback is given in an autonomy supportive manner. Autonomy support is given to the participants through explanation and provided rationale for the practice session, as well as encouragement of expression, choice and creativity for athletes. An example of this could be, avoiding controlling behaviours while coaching and acknowledging the participants feelings and perspectives on the session. The athletes should be allowed opportunities for independent work where they can use their initiative. Autonomy support can be enhanced by the use of student led activities, for example, student signalled starts; this encourages the participants to control how and when the session will progress. Involvement is provided by the relationship between coach and participants throughout the session, showing emotional support and a level of interest. Involvement can be improved within a session by expressing affection towards participants, learning their names and remaining within a close proximity to the athletes during the session. For example, this could be during refereeing by the coach or when giving positive feedback during the session. Self determination theory is a key aspect when trying to improve athletes motivation levels during practice. It does not however, affect the learning process and retention of skill acquisition like contextual interference theory does. When using contextual interference theory in real coaching practice, the coach must know the needs of the participants; this can be done through a needs analysis. According to the athletes sporting level, ability and environment, the session can then be constructed to include varied or random practice of skills. The level of contextual interference used is also determined by the coachs procedural and declarative knowledge on the subject. Although practicing under conditions of contextual interference does not always lead to immediate good performance, research suggests that it leads to better long term skill learning. It is also suggested that learning skills through contextual interference can work better if the skills are not too closely related biomechanically, or in a similar generalised motor program. By using a different array of skills, different motor pathways are being processed, facilitating better learning with a high level of contextual interference. It is usually traditional for coaches to begin the instruction process with blocked, constant practice of a single skill before progressing through drill practices towards random, variable practice conditions. A potential criticism of this approach is that coaches move too slowly through the development stage. According to traditional cognitive models of motor skill learning, such as Schmidts (1975) schema theory, variability in movement and context characteristics are essential to develop a more expansive and generalized motor program to cope with a variety of similar but different situations. The assumption is that when variability is introduced into the practice environment, the learner has to adapt the motor program differently from one trial to the next resulting in a more flexible and interchangeable movement schema (Schmidt and Lee, 1999). A low contextual interference practice schedule may involve practising one skill per session, or perhaps two separate skills, for example, shooting and passing in blocks of 20 30 minutes each (blocked practice). Higher levels of contextual interference would arise if a variety of skills, for example; shooting, passing and dribbling, were practised in a random manner throughout the session (random practice). In the most random practice schedule, a player never practises the same skill in consecutive tasks. The clear message is that to promote learning coaches should try to avoid repetitive, blocked practice by presenting a variety of skills within the same session. Both theories relate to the process of reflection, for coach and athlete. Reflection is a key aspect within learning development; it allows us to reflect on positive experiences to encourage constructive behaviour, as shown in the Gibbs reflective cycle (1988). Gibbs model is clear and precise allowing for description, analysis and evaluation of the experience helping the reflective practitioner to make sense of experiences and examine their practice. It also allows us to reflect on our negative experiences so that in future experiences we can control how to give ourselves the best opportunity for a positive outcome. Reflective thinking needs to be structured so that you can describe what happened to you in a given situation, come to some conclusions about the experiences and possibly decide how to act in dealing with future similar experiences.We learn from experience is a well known statement, but according to Dewey (1933) we dont learn from experience, instead we learn from reflec ting on experience. In order to increase my understanding of both of these theories, I intend to further use and improve in aspects of the theories during my coaching practice. From some of the research that I have done to complete this essay, I can already see areas of my coaching that can be improved upon. Some of these include, my ability to give positive, informative and timely feedback to participants, this will help autonomy support with the participants. I could also improve by knowing all of my athletes on a first name bases, this will help improve my relationship with the participants and increase my involvement with them, an area I feel I could improve on greatly. By increasing my declarative and procedural knowledge of each sport I feel as if I will be able to offer more in terms of opportunities for creativity and initiative within my sessions. All of these will help greatly improve motivational levels of my athletes which then in turn I hope will improve their performances. I have taken qui te a lot from STD theory, but I have also learned just as much from the contextual interference theory in relation to my coaching. This is especially true when I consider how I will be constructing all of my future practice sessions. By taking into account the sporting level and ability of my participants, as well as what skills I am considering introducing, my session will be structured appropriately with the correct level of contextual interference. I will be using a lot more varied and random practice within my sessions, especially for beginners and younger athletes, to help increases their long term retention of new skills. As a coach and a constant problem solver, I am continuously looking for ways in which I can improve my ability to coach at a high level. These scientific theories have helped improve my declarative knowledge of coaching in general, but I will be looking for further ways I can improve my overall performance as a coach.

Islam Essay -- essays research papers

2000 Islam and Love Love is an important aspect of Islam. In the Sufi Path of Love, written by Rumi, Love is the central theme. Rumi speaks alot about love and its branches and ramifications. According to Rumi, Love ddominateds most of the Sufi way of life. In a translation of Sufi Path of Love written by William C. Chittuck, Sufi says: "No matter what I say to explain and elucidate Love, shame overcomes me when I come to Love itself. Love cannot be contained within our speaking or listening/ Love is an ocean whose depths cannot be plumbed.... Love cannot be found in erudition and science, books and pages. Whatever is duscussed by people- That is not the way of lovers. Whatever you have said or heard is the shell; The kernel of Love is a mystery that cannot be divulged." Chittuck's translation of this is that Love cannot be explained in words but that it must be felt to be understood. There is not possible way that you can tell someone what love is or write it down to someone so the person may understand. To Rumi, If love isn't felt, then the person will not truly know what love is. To understand the Islamic conception of Love, you must know the Koran's defenition of the term. The Prophet Muhammad once said, "God is beautiful, and He loves beauty." It can be also defined like this: "If something is beautiful, it is worthy of love." In the Vision Of Islam, it says that that whenever God is said to love something, the object of his love are hu...

In The Crucible childrens lies lead to allegations of witchcraft and the breaking up of a community Essay

In â€Å"The Crucible† children’s lies lead to allegations of witchcraft and the breaking up of a community. Why do people lie and what can the consequences be? The word lie means â€Å"a false statement deliberately presented as being true† according to the American Heritage Dictionary, and it’s a very common habit in everyone. When it comes to lying, we can find white and normal lies. White lies are often harmless, whereas normal lies can be dangerous because of the various consequences they might have. In this essay I’m going to present two arguments explaining the reasons why lies are used, which are to protect their reputation or get themselves out of a compromising situation, and to have a motive in order to commit an act of vengeance or violence. Then, I will give four examples regarding the book â€Å"The crucible† and modern day events, which I will then compare. One of the main reasons why people make use of lies is because when they are accused of something that can get them into trouble, the best option at that moment seems to be denying their acts. However, lying can have severe consequences depending on how much you twist the truth when doing it, and even if it doesn’t make much sense, people are actually aware of what can happen later but since they feel there’s no other choice, they lie anyways. A clear example of this can be found in â€Å"The crucible† by Arthur Miller, where a group of girls are caught performing witchcraft, and some dancing naked around a fire. In the time of the book, dancing was strictly forbidden and witchcraft was a matter nobody dared to discuss. Therefore, anyone being related to any of these would be punished. The group of girls had a leader who was Reverend Parris’ niece, Abigail, and whose cousin, also in the group, was Betty, Parris’ daughter. They were performing witchcraft in order to get men to fall in love with them, but Abigail threatened the other girls making them lie about their actions so that she wasn’t punished. Even though they could have disobeyed her, telling the truth would have also jeopardized them given that they had as well taken part in the event. This big lie led to several false allegations against many innocent people whose families were torn apart because of the whole scandal, and also ruined important people’s reputations in the society. An example of modern day would be the Lewinsky scandal which first broke on January 17, 1998, basically involving the then current president Bill Clinton and one of the White house’s employees, Monica Lewinsky. It started as rumors in websites, but people seemed to be very interested since they regarded the nation’s leader. Clinton denied everything a million times as we can see in the following statement: â€Å"†¦I want to say one thing to the American people. I want you to listen to me. I’m going to say this again: I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky. I never told anybody to lie, not a single time; never. These allegations are false†¦Ã¢â‚¬  However, after further investigations, evidence such as recorded tapes and a dress of Lewinsky’s stained with his semen were taken into consideration and it was concluded that President Clinton had indeed, had sexual relations with her. Overwhelmed by accusations and strong proof, Clinton finally admitted on August 17, 1998, to have had an inappropriate physical relationship with Monica Lewinsky. Even though Clinton’s wife forgave him, many people had a new opinion of their president and lost some respect for him. These two examples show us how far a person would go to protect their reputation or get out of a problem, being totally selfish given that many times lies like these can benefit you while hurting others. We can see this because Abigail didn’t care who was punished for something they didn’t do as long as she was safe, and President Clinton was maybe trying to protect his family from breaking up but in my opinion, he was just trying to protect his reputation as an important entity. Another reason why people lie is because they sometimes need a motive to hurt someone else, being this for revenge or just pure envy. We often see people committing murders and harming others in any way possible because they seek revenge and/or envy them. Some are so intense about their feelings that they are indifferent to the consequences their acts might lead to and would rather go to jail or even die as long as they have satisfied their sick desires. On the other hand, we have people who do care about what may happen to them when performing inappropriate actions, reason for which they look for any motive possible. However, sometimes there isn’t a motive at all, so they have to create one and they lie by starting rumors and giving false statements in order to accomplish what they want. We can see this in â€Å"The Crucible† when Abigail lies about performing witchcraft and makes other people take the blame. When in court, she gave Mary Warren a poppet with a needle in her stomach, and told her to give it to Elizabeth Proctor in order to frame her so that she would be blamed of witchcraft and that way, Abigail could take her place as John Proctor’s wife. A modern day example is the Big lie Bush invented against Iraq. He claimed Sadam Hussein had in his power weapons of mass destruction and would use them on America. However, this was not true and it was proved after thorough investigations. Bush made these accusations because he wanted to attack Iraq but he didn’t have any good reason, so saying they were going against the USA made it almost mandatory to attack them back. These examples show us that when a person wants something, lies can sometimes help get it, like Abigail who tried to make a false accusation against Proctor’s wife, whose place she wanted to take. The same happened with Bush, who wanted so bad to take revenge on Iraq, he invented a lie about Hussein. This clearly reveals a certain selfishness from both since they have no interest at all about anyone but themselves. In conclusion, we can say lies are all around us at all times and sometimes we need them but it is not right to use them. In the previous examples, this affirmation is confirmed, showing us the consequences lying can lead to.

Risk Assessment of Mercury

Introduction Methyl quicksilver is ranked in the top 10 groups of chemicals listed as environmental job globally and is important associated for public wellness issues8, 10. Published literature suggests that methyl quicksilver has negative effects on encephalon development and the ingestion of this compound by pregnant adult female may finally take to important neurological defects in neonates13. The purpose of this study is to discourse the neurological inauspicious effects of methyl quicksilver on new-borns based on major epidemiological and carnal surveies and cipher the effects of altering dietetic methyl quicksilver exposure from fish ingestion in a France. In peculiar an direction to pregnant adult females to non devour tuna is expected to cut down the sum of MeHg consumption and consequence in IQ additions for the person and the society. Hazard IdentificationWe will analyze Mercury. Mercury exists in different signifiers, either in elements ( or metals ) as inorganic signifier ( occupational exposure ) ; and organic signifier such as methyl quicksilver ( dietetic exposure )1.Mercury, a natural component in H2O, dirt and air, is considered by WHO as one of the top 10 groups of chemicals of major public wellness concern1.Methyl Mercury chiefly targets the nervous system during its early development1. That is why fetuss and immature kids are largely vulnerable to Methyl Mercury’s inauspicious wellness effects. Methyl Mercury is oxidised in the encephalon and causes chronic diseases2,3,4,5. Specifically, in the Faroe Islands, people consume whale meat at really high rates. The population was found to be extremely contaminated and the research workers associated europsychological shortages at 7 old ages of age Developmental delays with the MeHg exposures6. The Faroe Islands and New Zealand surveies provide grounds of a negative association between MeHg in seafood consumed by pregnant adult females and the neurodevelopmental capablenesss of the siblings at the age of 4 and 6-7 old ages old. Even in low concentrations of methyl quicksilver, the effects are little but still there6,8 The Seychelles survey did non observe any important associations between developmental trials and MeHg exposure. The survey measured concentration of hair quicksilver in pregnant female parents and so evaluated the development capablenesss of kids at 6.5, 19, 29 and 66 months of age7. From the survey there is no grounds about the association of MeHg exposure and DDST-R where was showed in pilot survey7. The New Zealand survey associated exposure to Methyl quicksilver with mental development of kids at the age of 4 and 6-7 old ages old8. The survey shoes a high exposure group consisted of 200 kids ( average exposure = 9?g/g ) at the age of 6 to 7 old ages old, lower mental capablenesss were observed as opposed to the Control group with lower exposure rates.. Several bureaus around the universe examined the grounds sing MeHg toxicity. A comprehensive list of proposed ( full name ) RfDs is presented in table 1 ( adapted from WHO ) . The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives ( JECFA ) recommends that a steady-state day-to-day consumption of MeHg lower than 1.5 ?g/kg organic structure weight/day would non ensue in toxic concentrations of the compound in maternal blood. Table I:Country / OrganizationReference Level ( ?g MeHg/kg bw/week )Year adoptedJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives1.62003Japan2.02005Canada1.41997USA0.72001Nederlands0.72000Exposure appraisalAssorted epidemiological surveies were conducted in which research workers assed the degree of exposure of the female parents of the kids. Noteworthy attending is given in the survey in the Faroe Islands6, in Seychelles7and in New Zealand8. The population in Faroe Islands was found to be extremely contaminated of approximately 2 milligrams methyl mercury/kg6. The surveies we examined6,7,8and the study for WHO1, suggest that the population is chiefly exposed through seafood ingestion. Island populations such as the population of Faroe Islands and New Zealand is expected to be characterized by high fish ingestion and later to high methyl quicksilver exposure, . Typical degrees of fish ingestion vary between 1?g/kg/day and 9?g/kg/day ( Faroe ) and sometimes higher ( 10?g/kg/day in New Zealand ) . For the range of this work, the population of involvement is pregnant adult females in France. In order to gauge the exposure to MeHg from fish ingestion a brief literature reappraisal was performed and several surveies that reported pregnant adult females MeHg intake from fish in France and neighbouring states were identified. The fish ingestion in France is non every bit high as island states and it is estimated that an mean Gallic adult female consumes about three helpings of fish/seafood per hebdomad14. Sing Gallic pregnant adult females, published literature provides some grounds about their exposure to MeHg from dietetic beginnings. This grounds is based on modelled dietetic exposure based on fish ingestion and mean MeHg degrees in fish. Pouzaud et al reported a average consumption of 0.67ug Hg/kg biological warfare /week15while Crepet et Al reported a average consumption of 0.4767ug Hg/kg biological warfare /week but for adult females of childbearing age14. Similar surveies across Europe have besides reported MeHg consumptions for pregnant adult females or adult females of childbearing age and are all presented in Table I1. The exposure of the population of involvement is expected to be modifiable as ingestion of different sorts of fish may ensue in different consumption of MeHg. This is based on the concentration of MeHg that is bioaccumaulated otherwise in different species. A non-exhaustive literature hunt has provided some declarative degrees of MeHg in of import comestible fish species in France or the Mediterranean ( Table III ) . Table I1:WriterYearStatePopulationMeHg Intake ( ?g/kg biological warfare /week )Juan Antonio et Al.2008SpainPregnant adult females0.88Franceois Pouzaud et Al.2010FrancePregnant adult females0.67Crepet et Al.2004FranceWomans of childbearing age0.47Table Three:WriterYearStateFish SpecieMeHg concentration ( ?g/ gr moisture weight )Juan Antonio et Al.2008SpainBluefin Tuna0.71Swordfish0.33Tuna0.19Squid0.11Seabass0.06Seabream0.07Franceois Pouzaud et Al.2010FranceBluefin Tuna0.39SwordfishN/ATunaN/ASquidN/ASeabass0.076Seabream0.076Crepet et Al.2004FranceBluefin TunaSwordfishTuna0.813Squid0.055Seabass0.094SeabreamSalmon0.034Oyster0.034Sardine0.062Seafood0.033Dose-Response AnalysisThe relationship between IQ degrees in neonates and MeHg degrees in maternal hair used in this work is borrowed from the work by Rice et Al16which is based the information provided by the major epidemiological surveies that were conducted in the island populations of Faroe, Seycheles and New Zealand that examined the IQ alteration in neonates6,7,8based on a figure of neurodevelopment trials Cohen et Al21and Axelrad et Al18besides synthesized the consequences of the three island surveies utilizing adept opinion and Bayesian analysis severally and their resulting estimations are reflected in the hair quicksilver to I Q coefficient that Rice et Al have used. This coefficient can be translated as the ensuing addition in IQ points in kids from a lessening of 1ug/gr of maternal hair MeHg concentration. Since maternal hair MeHg degrees were used as the biomarker of exposure in the above mentioned surveies and such information is non available for the population of involvement, an ‘intake to blood coefficient’ and a ‘blood to hair’ coefficient are used that can use on the already known for Gallic pregnant adult females MeHg consumption estimations. These parametric quantities were besides foremost reported by Rice et Al16and were based on physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling that has been either performed by Rice et Al or have been described antecedently.19, 20Hazard Characterisation – DecisionAll computations have been performed utilizing Analytica 4.5. A complete list of variables and their values that were included in the Analytica theoretical account are presented in table IV. Figure 1 nowadayss an overview of the theoretical account. The basic premises that influence the theoretical account are:A control option of â€Å"Do non eat Tuna ( when pregnant ) † will ensue in 50 % decrease in the consumption of MeHg. This premise is based on the high degrees of MeHg in assorted tuna species compared to other fish species. The precise degree of 50 % is non evidence-based.There is no rectification for the possibility of a neurotoxicity threshold. It is assumed that neurotoxicity due to foetal exposure to MeHg is without a thresholdOverall this study concludes the ensuing IQ additions for the Gallic society is expected to be lognormally distributed with a median of 98 IQ points. Considerable uncertainness characterizes this consequence. The minimal IQ points addition could be every bit low as 4600 and every bit high as 790000. In this work, the possible inauspicious effects from cut downing the sum of fish consumed and the subsequent decrease of ?-3 fatty acids has non been evaluated Figure 1: Illustration of Analytica Model Table Four: Main Variables used in the Analytica theoretical account#Variable NameVariable ValueUnit of measurementsDescription1Control Scenario––Index2Prior Intake of MeHg from fishMin 0.47 Max 0.88ug Hg/kg bw/ hebdomadUniform Distribution based on Rice et Al. ( )3Efficiency of control option1 or 0.5UnitlessDecrease in MeHg intake after implementing the control option5Intake to blood coefficientMean: 0.6 STDDEV: 0.09ug Hg/L per ug Hg/dayNormal Distribution as Rice et Al reported. ( )6Blood to hair coefficientMedian: 0.21GSD: 1.85ug Hg/ gr per ug Hg/LLognormal Distribution based on Rice et Al. ( )7Dose response Function: hair to IQ coefficientMedian: 0.3 GSD: sqrt ( 3 )IQ platinums per ug MeHg/grLognormal Distribution based on Rice et Al. ( )8Gallic adult female weightMean: 61.7 STDDEV: 10.8KgNormal Distribution as Verger 2007 reported. ( )15France births per twelvemonth78000Births per twelvemonthBeginning by EurostatMentionsWHO. ( 2006 ) . Exposure to Mercury: A major public wellness concern. Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments, 4. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.12.007Kanai, Y. et Al ( 2003 ) : Functional belongingss of multispecific amino acid transporters and their deductions to transpoter-mediated toxicity. Journal of Toxicological Sciences. 28 ( 1 ) : 1-17Kerper et Al ( 1992 ) , Methylmercury conveyance across the blood-brain barrier by an amino acid bearer. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 262 ( 5 ) : 761-765.Mottet et Al, ( 1985 ) , Health hazards from additions in methylmercury exposure, , Environ Healt h Perspect. Nov ; 63:133-40.Sakamoto et Al ( 2004 ) , Maternal and foetal quicksilver and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a hazard and benefit of fish ingestion to fetus, Environ Sci Technol. Jul 15 ; 38 ( 14 ) :3860-3.Grandjean et Al ( 1997 ) , Cognitive shortage in 7-year-old kids with antenatal exposure to methylmercury, , Neurotoxicol Teratol. Nov-Dec ; 19 ( 6 ) :417-28.Myers, G. J. , Davidson, P. W. , Shamlaye, C. F. , Axtell, C. D. , Cernichiari, E. , Choisy, O. , †¦ Clarkson, T. W. ( 1997 ) . Effectss of antenatal methylmercury exposure from a high fish diet on developmental mileposts in the Seychelles Child Development Study. Neurotoxicology, 18 ( 3 ) , 819–829.Kjellstrom et Al ( 1986 ) , Physical and mental development of kids with antenatal exposure to mercury from fish. Phase 2: Interviews and psychological trials at age 6. Report 3642, National Swedish Environmental Protection BoardCastoldi, A. F. , Onishchenko, N. , Johansson, C. , Coccini, T. , Roda, E. , Vahter, M. , †¦ Manzo, L. ( 2008 ) . Neurodevelopmental toxicity of methylmercury: Laboratory animate being informations and their part to human hazard appraisal. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 51 ( 2 ) , 215–229. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.03.005Stern, A. H. , & A ; Smith, A. E. ( 2003 ) . An appraisal of the cord blood: Maternal blood methylmercury ratio: Deductions for hazard appraisal. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111 ( 12 ) , 1465–1470. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6187Gilbert, S. G. , & A ; Grant-Webster, K. S. ( 1995 ) . Neurobehavioral effects of developmental methylmercury exposure. In Environmental Health Perspectives ( Vol. 103, pp. 135–142 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103s6135Grandjean, P. , & A ; Herz, K. T. ( 2011 ) . Methylmercury and encephalon development: Impreciseness and underestimate of developmental neurotoxicity in worlds. Mount Sinai J ournal of Medicine, 78 ( 1 ) , 107–118. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1002/msj.20228UNEP DTIE Chemicals Branch, & A ; WHO Department of Food Safety, Z. and F. D. ( 2008 ) . GUIDANCE FOR IDENTIFYING POPULATIONS AT RISK FROM MERCURY EXPOSURE. Exposure.Crepet, A. , Tressou, J. , Verger, P. , & A ; Leblanc, J. C. ( 2005 ) . Management options to cut down exposure to methyl quicksilver through the ingestion of fish and piscary merchandises by the Gallic population. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 42 ( 2 ) , 179–189. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.03.006Pouzaud, F. , Ibbou, A. , Blanchemanche, S. , Grandjean, P. , Krempf, M. , Philippe, H.-J. , & A ; Verger, P. ( 2010 ) . Use of advanced bunch analysis to qualify fish ingestion forms and methylmercury dietetic exposures from fish and other sea nutrients among pregnant adult females. Journal of Exposure Science & A ; Environmental Epidemiology, 20 ( 1 ) , 54–68. hypertex t transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1038/jes.2009.2Rice, G. E. , Hammitt, J. K. , & A ; Evans, J. S. ( 2010 ) . A probabilistic word picture of the wellness benefits of cut downing methyl quicksilver consumption in the United States. Environmental Science and Technology, 44 ( 13 ) , 5216–5224. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1021/es903359uVerger, P. , Houdart, S. , Marette, S. , Roosen, J. , & A ; Blanchemanche, S. ( 2007 ) . Impact of a risk-benefit advisory on fish ingestion and dietetic exposure to methylmercury in France. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 48 ( 3 ) , 259–269. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.04.005Axelrad, D. a. , Bellinger, D. C. , Ryan, L. M. , & A ; Woodruff, T. J. ( 2007 ) . Dose-response relationship of antenatal quicksilver exposure and IQ: An integrative analysis of epidemiologic informations. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115 ( 4 ) , 609–615. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1289/ ehp.9303Allen, B. C. , Hack, C. E. , & A ; Clewell, H. J. ( 2007 ) . Use of Markov concatenation Monte Carlo analysis with a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic theoretical account of methylmercury to gauge exposures in U.S. adult females of childbearing age. Hazard Analysis, 27 ( 4 ) , 947–959. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00934.xClewell, H. J. , Crump, K. S. , Gentry, P. R. , & A ; Shipp, A. M. ( 2000 ) . Site-specific mention dosage for methylmercury for fish-eating populations. Fuel Processing Technology, 65, 43–54. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820 ( 99 ) 00075-2Cohen, J. T. , Bellinger, D. C. , & A ; Shaywitz, B. a. ( 2005 ) . A quantitative analysis of antenatal methyl quicksilver exposure and cognitive development. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29 ( 4 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.06.007

Analyzing Short Stories Essay

Analyzing Short Stories Essay Analyzing Short Stories Essay ïÆ'’ Understand the importance of short stories ïÆ'’ Identify the elements of fiction found in a short story ïÆ'’ Define important elements of fiction ïÆ'’ Identify steps in analyzing a short story ïÆ'’ Storytelling is the oldest form of art and is a way to learn about a culture and/ or a historical period. ïÆ'’ Short stories represent links in the chain of human experience – meaningthe author is attempting to say something about life through their art (their writing). ïÆ'’ Writers who lived in different times and in different places had different stories to tell. Since each writer writes with his or her own unique voice, each short story has its differences. ï  ¶ Different types of short stories ï  ¶ Different themes ï  ¶ Different styles of writing. ïÆ'’ However, all short stories have similarities: ï  ¶ They express ideas ï  ¶ They are about common life experiences ï  ¶ They involve people, thoughts, places, action, and time. ïÆ'’ ïÆ'’ In the earliest part of human history, primitive people began to tell stories about their success in hunting or fighting. ïÆ'’ Soon, a storyteller learned when he could fluff the facts and add details in order to improve their stories. ïÆ'’ Throughout time the simple narratives of personal adventure were combined with attempts to explain powerful forces of nature. These attempts helped to create myths, legends, folktales, and the hero-tale. ïÆ'’ All around the world people began to understand the importance of writing down their cultures great stories, therefore there is no one specific date of the first written story, but there are examples of some of the first. ïÆ'’ ïÆ'’ ïÆ'’ ïÆ'’ Story telling poems written by Homer Aesop’s fables are short stories The Bible contains many short stories The Canterbury Tales by Geoffery Chaucer are short stories. ïÆ'’ While there is a long tradition of written storytelling, the short story form as we know it is less than 300 years old/ ïÆ'’ Was developed as an art form in the 19th century ( the 1800’s). ïÆ'’ As the popularity of short stories grew, they began to be published in magazines. ïÆ'’ The popularity of the short story did not begin to decline until television became popular around 1950. ïÆ'’ The form and style of the short story still continues to grow in the hands of many gifted writers. ïÆ'’ To analyze a short story a reader must begin by reading and thinking about the story’s title. ïÆ'’ Titles serve many different purposes: 1.To give the name of a major character. ex: â€Å"Tony Kytes, the Arch Deceiver† 2.To provide the theme or setting of the story ex: â€Å"Quality† 3.To suggest the main incident of the story ex: â€Å"Occurrence at Owl Creel Bridge 4.To name an object that plays an important role ex: â€Å"The Skeleton† 5. To suggest the type of short story ex: â€Å"The Mysterious Mansion† 6.To give the tone of the story ex: â€Å"The Specter† 7. To get the reader interested ex: â€Å"The Lady or the tiger?† ïÆ'’ After deciding which purpose the title serves the reader should carefully read and consider the opening paragraphs. The opening paragraph may: 1. Launch the action of the story 2. Introduce characters 3. Describe the setting 4. State or hint at the main idea 5. Tell how the story came to be told or written ïÆ'’ ïÆ'’ Definition: where and when the story takes place; the location and time. ïÆ'’ It gives important clues about the nature of the story. It provides the â€Å"mental backdrop† of the story. There are some elements of setting to consider: ï  ¶ Place- the actual location ï  ¶ Time- historical period; time of year; time of day ï  ¶ Weather conditions- rainy, snowy, sunny, etc. ï  ¶ Social conditions- what is the daily life of the characters like? What are their living conditions? ïÆ'’ ïÆ'’ The setting of a story may or may not be directly stated. ïÆ'’ Definition: The chain of events in a story that to its outcome; The sequence of events. There are 5 essential parts to plot: 1. Introduction 2. Rising Action 3. Climax 4. Falling Action 5. Resolution ïÆ'’ Ri Ac sin tio g n Introduction g llin n Fa tio Ac

Black Holes Essays - Galaxies, Black Holes, Astrophysics

Black Holes Essays - Galaxies, Black Holes, Astrophysics Black Holes Table of Contents I. What are black holes? II. Where do they come from? III. Interesting facts about black holes. IV. How are they discovered? A. X-ray Emissions B. Exotic Energy Sources C. Star speeds D. Masers E. The Baseline Array F. Hubble Telescope G. Satellites V. Quasi-Stellar Relations VI. Locations A. M87 B. Milky Way C. Andromeda D. E. NGC 6240 F. A0620-00 What are black holes? Black holes are the remains of a massive star that has collapsed and shrunk to a tiny point in space. They have all of the gravity of the star concentrated into that point. Black holes are difficult to see because they cannot be seen. They cannot be seen because they are spinning faster than the speed of light and light cannot escape from them. They can be compared to a giant vacuum cleaner, they suck in anything that gets near them. Where do black holes come from? Black holes are formed when giant stars run out of fuel and are overwhelmed by their own gravity. When this happens they cannot keep from collapsing. After stars collapse, they start rotating and as they are spinning, their gravity becomes stronger causing them to shrink. As the object becomes smaller, it starts spinning faster and faster. Using a small black marble as an example of the size that Earth would become if it collapsed and became a black hole, Todd R. Lauer, of the National Optical Astronomy Observatories said, " Black holes are very messy eaters. If you took that marble to an 'all-you-can-eat buffet' allowing it to consume all the matter around it, the feeding frenzy would produce as much radiation as the Sun." Research indicates that black holes may have existed at the beginning of time. Black holes are so dense that not even light can escape. Looking towards a black hole, the stars behind it would appear out of place because black holes distort light. The immense gravitational pull of black holes is thought to be responsible for the swirling masses of stars in spiral galaxies throughout the universe. Gravity in a black hole should be able to pack stars in so tight that the intensity of the stars' light would drastically increase towards the center of gravity. Everything falling into a bla! ck hole loses its identity, you couldn't tell if it were a satellite or a T.V. set that fell in. Dr. Fred Chromey of Vassar College in New York said, " Black holes are the easiest way to explain some of the strange things that are going on in some of the galaxies." Research indicates that if a black hole formed, it would eventually evaporate but it would take millions of years. Earth's escape velocity, the speed it takes to escape the pull of gravity, is 11 kilometers per second. The escape velocity of a black hole is 300,000 kilometers per second, which is faster than the speed of light. If Earth's diameter shrank to less than 1 centimeter, the escape velocity would exceed the sped of light, the escape velocity of a black hole. Anything can become a black hole if you compress it enough. How are black holes located? Black holes technically can't be seen, but they give off many clues to their location. Signs of many black holes have been located during normal observation of other space objects. Abnormally high levels of X-rays and gamma rays are the most common clues, but other exotic energy sources are also good clues. Astronomers have also located black holes by studying the speeds of swirling galaxies. If large objects are moving at very high speeds astronomers usually try to track their orbits and try to locate a central object that could be the source of the gravity. Another clue to the location of black holes are masers. Masers are the cosmic relatives of lasers. They are water molecules orbiting black holes that capture and amplify radiation and send it back out into space. Masers are usually located in the accretion disk, the swirling cloud of gases above a black hole. Some masers have been clocked traveling over 650 miles per second. Many types of equipment are used to locate black holes. One type of equipment is called the Baseline Array. The

5 Student Hurdles and How To Overcome Them

1.I’m Never Going to Find a Job This is something a lot of third year and post graduate students start to think about as the end of university approaches. It might seem that unless you did a degree in Engineering, Medicine or Law – where it’s quite obvious what roles you might move into – the post-graduation job search could be difficult. Your degree might not provide an obvious indication to how you might use what you have been studying. But the truth is – many graduate schemes and employers look for graduates from a range of degrees because studying and getting a degree alone shows that you have the capacity to research, reason, write, debate and perform under pressure. 2. My Dissertation isn’t good enough It’s quite common for students to start to feel like their dissertation is way off track; after all, you’ve been performing self-guided study, research and writing for the last few months – it would be easy to feel a bit lost without your lecturers guidance. However, many tutors are more than happy to offer advice and insight into your work and will offer their time to answer any questions or fears you might have. If you would like some help making sure your dissertation gets a passing grade, then our site offer dissertation writing and editing services. 3.I’m all alone When the pressure is on with rent due, deadlines looming and – for many students – being far away from home – it can start to feel like you are very isolated from anyone who can help you. However, there are loads of services around that are designed for students who feel like this – many universities offer free counselling services where you can drop in and speak to a qualified professional. If you are feeling isolated with your studies, websites like our site can really help support you in your academic research and writing concerns. 4.I don’t know how to meet people and make friends One of the hardest challenges of being a student and going to a new city or place is meeting people. This is a problem felt by a lot of international students who have travelled from overseas to study. There are lots of things you can do if you are struggling to make new friends – join a sports club or society, or do some volunteer work with a local charity. All of these activities are great ways to meet like-minded people, and they also look great on your CV – double bonus! 5.I can’t stay healthy while I’m a student! Many students often complain that the cost of eating healthy is too much – after all a Pot Noodle costs a lot less than a big mixed salad! However, you shouldn’t ever compromise on your diet or exchange healthy food for quick snacks and – more commonly in the case of students – beer! Manage your finances more carefully, shop at more affordable supermarkets, and do not put drinking alcohol ahead of a healthy diet! 5 Student Hurdles and How To Overcome Them 1.I’m Never Going to Find a Job This is something a lot of third year and post graduate students start to think about as the end of university approaches. It might seem that unless you did a degree in Engineering, Medicine or Law – where it’s quite obvious what roles you might move into – the post-graduation job search could be difficult. Your degree might not provide an obvious indication to how you might use what you have been studying. But the truth is – many graduate schemes and employers look for graduates from a range of degrees because studying and getting a degree alone shows that you have the capacity to research, reason, write, debate and perform under pressure. 2. My Dissertation isn’t good enough It’s quite common for students to start to feel like their dissertation is way off track; after all, you’ve been performing self-guided study, research and writing for the last few months – it would be easy to feel a bit lost without your lecturers guidance. However, many tutors are more than happy to offer advice and insight into your work and will offer their time to answer any questions or fears you might have. If you would like some help making sure your dissertation gets a passing grade, then our site offer dissertation writing and editing services. 3.I’m all alone When the pressure is on with rent due, deadlines looming and – for many students – being far away from home – it can start to feel like you are very isolated from anyone who can help you. However, there are loads of services around that are designed for students who feel like this – many universities offer free counselling services where you can drop in and speak to a qualified professional. If you are feeling isolated with your studies, websites like our site can really help support you in your academic research and writing concerns. 4.I don’t know how to meet people and make friends One of the hardest challenges of being a student and going to a new city or place is meeting people. This is a problem felt by a lot of international students who have travelled from overseas to study. There are lots of things you can do if you are struggling to make new friends – join a sports club or society, or do some volunteer work with a local charity. All of these activities are great ways to meet like-minded people, and they also look great on your CV – double bonus! 5.I can’t stay healthy while I’m a student! Many students often complain that the cost of eating healthy is too much – after all a Pot Noodle costs a lot less than a big mixed salad! However, you shouldn’t ever compromise on your diet or exchange healthy food for quick snacks and – more commonly in the case of students – beer! Manage your finances more carefully, shop at more affordable supermarkets, and do not put drinking alcohol ahead of a healthy diet!

The use of managerial accounting in any industry Essay

The use of managerial accounting in any industry - Essay Example This accounting branch embraces accounting systems, methods, and techniques that can help the organization maximize its profits or minimize losses. Scholars opine that management accounting is the presentation of accounting information in a way that would assist the top management to create potential policies for managing its daily operations. Management accounting is not confined to financial management information, but it is about comprehensive information about overall organizational activities. It is evident that financial management alone is not capable of providing necessary information for performing managerial functions effectively. In contrast, management accounting is able to provide key information about cost, profits, and factors which are useful for the management to discharge their functions effectively. Management accounting can be considered as an extension of the management aspects of the cost accounting, and it is based on the principles of both cost accounting and financial accounting. It seems that management accounting is relevant to fast growing sectors like automotive industry because those sectors need an uninterrupted flow of various information to ensure improved value chain efficiency. This paper will explore the uses of managerial accounting tools in the automotive industry with particular reference given to management accounting practices in Toyota Motor Corporation. ... ute of Management Accountants (IMA), â€Å"management accounting is a profession that involves partnering in management decision making, devising planning and performance management systems, and providing expertise in financial reporting and control to assist management in the formulation and implementation of an organization’ strategy† (â€Å"definition of..†). The management accounting information is different from financial accounting information in several aspects. The management accounting information is basically forward-looking whereas financial accounting information is primarily historical. In addition, managerial accounting information is model based and is particularly intended to support decision making. This type of information is generally intended for the use by business managers but not by stockholders, creditors, or the general public. Therefore, managerial accounting information is highly confidential in nature. According to the American Institu te of Certified Public Accountants, the practice of management accounting is spread to other three areas such as strategic management, performance management, and risk management. Strategic management is about promoting the management accountant’s role as a strategic partner in the organization whereas performance management deals with improving the performance efficiency of the organization constantly. The risk management is vital to identify and manage risks that constitute a potential obstacle to the achievement of the organization’s long term objectives. A management accountant uses his professional knowledge, experience, and expertise to assist the company management to frame strategic policies and to improve operational efficiency and thereby promote value creation. Therefore, management accountants

Wal-Mart goes smaller Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wal-Mart goes smaller - Essay Example Well there will be some complaints from small business owners in those towns, but they do not have the same financial might as big corporations. Bigger cities are unafraid at what a Walmart store may bring to the local market. Finally, I also think that some people in the cities are put off by Walmart because they see it as a corporate giant that does not have the best interests of the local citizens at heart. This longstanding reputation has hurt the brand image of Walmart and made city people more aware of what the company can bring to the big smoke. 2) One of the main criticisms of Walmart entering the cities was that the stores were too big for zoning requirements. In order to meet this objective, Walmart executives allowed these urban stores to be no more than 8,000 square feet. This is a huge change for Walmart because the company has been so successful with large stores of more than 42,000 square feet. It says a lot that the company was willing to change its strategy so much in order to be allowed to open stores in the big cities. It is good that Walmart has compromised and find a way to meet zoning requirements. Walmart has also changed its range of products, with customers in the big cities only able to pick up groceries from the store. All other products can be ordered online and then picked up. 3) From an operations management point of view, Walmart will not be able to use economies of scale to its advantage. Because of the limited space available in store, Walmart will have to only keep a select few products on display. This can lead to slow response times and slow down the supply chain completely. Walmart has been successful for so long due to its efficient supply chain, and by giving that away the company may lose ground to some of its competitors. The consumer will be impacted by these changes greatly. Because of the smaller amount of stock available, as well as the fact that

Feminist Principles and Practices in Geography Essay

Feminist Principles and Practices in Geography - Essay Example They explored feminist contributions from ecological movement, black, feminist and gay movements, the forces of nationalism, and so on. They find out that each and every one of these oppositional cultures possessed a distinctive geography, which is a vital part of their ability to survive and contest dominant orders. (Peet & Thrift, 1989, p. 21) So what kind of feminist critical practice does the new geography of identity foster' First, let it be said that feminist criticism has not been and should not be limited to discussions of identity and subjectivity. But since these issues have been so foundational for much feminist criticism, it is important for us to think through the implication of the new geography for work that continues to explore the production and reception of women's writing and the textuality of gender. Second, feminist critical practice focused on questions of identity and subjectivity has already begun to change significantly as a result of the new geographics. The initial incursion of women's issues and feminist analysis into urban geography was an angry one. Early writers argued that geographers had ignored women's activities and that this distorted both the reality of women's lives and the understanding of human-environmental relations. They said that geographers were building models on the basis of family forms and gender-based movement patterns, which no longer existed. Yet this incursion was also a cautious one. As with any attempt to introduce new content into a discipline developed in its absence, people moved warily. They looked for footholds, places in existing frameworks for women's new and unratified patterns. (Peet & Thrift, 1989, p. 111) Existing frameworks did not appear to offer many such footholds. Despite the pioneering efforts of a few humanists and historical materialists, at this point still zealously and often dogmatically explicating their respective philosophies, urban geography was largely a spatial science. It focused on attempts to explain and predict patterns of movement using models, which extrapolated from empirical evidence of human, and commodity movement in the past. The patterns women created were unpredictable and even inexplicable in terms of this kind of science. Demographic predictions foundered, victims of the failure to acknowledge the growing campaigns around fertility control and new family forms. The 'units' of demographic change acquired unexpected political convictions and made themselves known as complex, conscious beings. (Peet & Thrift, 1989, p. 111) Similarly, discussion of residential location and the categorisation of socio-economic status were disordered by unforeseen, two-incom e families. Journey-to-work researchers were perplexed by women's apparently erratic non-maximizing movements, which were punctuated by trips to childcare, shops, and childrens' teachers (Monk & Hanson 1982). Initially, such problems

Are economic agents (consumers) truly foresighted in their decision Essay

Are economic agents (consumers) truly foresighted in their decision making - Essay Example Negative feedback refers to the feedback signal that is 180 degrees out of phase with respect to that of the input signal. Generally, negative feedback can be divided into two: voltage feedback and current feedback. As often is the case, the current feedback is applied purposely to reduce the input amplifier. However, there are cases where both feedbacks may exist in a circuit. In such a case, both current voltage would be feedback towards the input in parallel or series. This, therefore, imply that the feedback would be represented as series-voltage feedback, series-current feedback, shunt current feedback, and shunt- voltage feedback. Arguably, negative feedback makes a gain in a circuit to be stable. Mathematically, it can be shown that A1= AB + A/1. It is worth noting that the negative feedback is a very useful principle that finds its application in an operation amplifier. It has been cited as being the best in creating the practical circuits due to its characteristic nature of being able to set rates, gains, alongside other significant parameters. Moreover, the negative feedback can make the circuits self-correcting and stable. By and large, the fundamental principle of the negative feedback is such that the output drives in such a direction creating an equilibrium condition. For an op-amp circuit without a feedback, there is lacking a corrective mechanism. The output voltage shall become saturated with a tiniest amount of the differential voltage that is applied in the in). It has also been noted that negative feedback will make a gain in a circuit to be stable. Moreover, research has it that the negative feedback is a fundamental principle as far as the operation of an amplifier is concerned. This is based on the fact that it can be used in creating practical circuits given its characteristic of setting up rates, gains, alongside other significant parameters. Thus, an op-amp circuit without

Literature Review about statistical process control (SPC) Term Paper

Literature Review about statistical process control (SPC) - Term Paper Example It can be employed in any production unit (which generates material or data as outputs) where the process can thus remain independent from constant supervision. Although there can be variety in products and the required steps necessary for the production process, the SPC analysis remains uniform. SPC is advantageous over other methods of control particularly since it ensures that the production is not affected to any significant degree due to interruptions since it requires no direct inspection. Only "Out of control" process can be covered by SPC. An â€Å"in-control-process† does not always refer to an acceptable and desirable output. This conceptual misunderstanding often results in misleading applications of SPC. If not properly perceived, SPC can lead to loss of production. The Control chart is the fundamental tool for SPC. It is a graphical representation defined by the plot of measured data (at least 15 observations) on the chart. Using control charts the changes in the inherent process from the accumulated data can be identified. This, in turn determines the ‘special’ cause that affects the results. In a control chart the ‘central line’, denoted by a solid line reflects the average of the accumulated data points and passes through the middle of the graph. Control limits are the lines (a specified distance is maintained from the central line) in the control chart which are calculated by using statistical tools and indicate the behavior of the process i.e whether the process is ‘out of control’ or ‘in-control’. There are two type of control limits- (i) the upper control limit (UCL) and (ii) the lower control limit (LCL). UCL and LCL are defined by the following rule: UCL = centre line + 3* SD †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ equ.(1) Recall that a Percentile is given by the division of pointed data in hundred equally divided groups. The nth percentile Pn is defined as- n% of the data points are on or below this

Feminist Principles and Practices in Geography Essay

Feminist Principles and Practices in Geography - Essay Example They explored feminist contributions from ecological movement, black, feminist and gay movements, the forces of nationalism, and so on. They find out that each and every one of these oppositional cultures possessed a distinctive geography, which is a vital part of their ability to survive and contest dominant orders. (Peet & Thrift, 1989, p. 21) So what kind of feminist critical practice does the new geography of identity foster' First, let it be said that feminist criticism has not been and should not be limited to discussions of identity and subjectivity. But since these issues have been so foundational for much feminist criticism, it is important for us to think through the implication of the new geography for work that continues to explore the production and reception of women's writing and the textuality of gender. Second, feminist critical practice focused on questions of identity and subjectivity has already begun to change significantly as a result of the new geographics. The initial incursion of women's issues and feminist analysis into urban geography was an angry one. Early writers argued that geographers had ignored women's activities and that this distorted both the reality of women's lives and the understanding of human-environmental relations. They said that geographers were building models on the basis of family forms and gender-based movement patterns, which no longer existed. Yet this incursion was also a cautious one. As with any attempt to introduce new content into a discipline developed in its absence, people moved warily. They looked for footholds, places in existing frameworks for women's new and unratified patterns. (Peet & Thrift, 1989, p. 111) Existing frameworks did not appear to offer many such footholds. Despite the pioneering efforts of a few humanists and historical materialists, at this point still zealously and often dogmatically explicating their respective philosophies, urban geography was largely a spatial science. It focused on attempts to explain and predict patterns of movement using models, which extrapolated from empirical evidence of human, and commodity movement in the past. The patterns women created were unpredictable and even inexplicable in terms of this kind of science. Demographic predictions foundered, victims of the failure to acknowledge the growing campaigns around fertility control and new family forms. The 'units' of demographic change acquired unexpected political convictions and made themselves known as complex, conscious beings. (Peet & Thrift, 1989, p. 111) Similarly, discussion of residential location and the categorisation of socio-economic status were disordered by unforeseen, two-incom e families. Journey-to-work researchers were perplexed by women's apparently erratic non-maximizing movements, which were punctuated by trips to childcare, shops, and childrens' teachers (Monk & Hanson 1982). Initially, such problems

Literature Review about statistical process control (SPC) Term Paper

Literature Review about statistical process control (SPC) - Term Paper Example It can be employed in any production unit (which generates material or data as outputs) where the process can thus remain independent from constant supervision. Although there can be variety in products and the required steps necessary for the production process, the SPC analysis remains uniform. SPC is advantageous over other methods of control particularly since it ensures that the production is not affected to any significant degree due to interruptions since it requires no direct inspection. Only "Out of control" process can be covered by SPC. An â€Å"in-control-process† does not always refer to an acceptable and desirable output. This conceptual misunderstanding often results in misleading applications of SPC. If not properly perceived, SPC can lead to loss of production. The Control chart is the fundamental tool for SPC. It is a graphical representation defined by the plot of measured data (at least 15 observations) on the chart. Using control charts the changes in the inherent process from the accumulated data can be identified. This, in turn determines the ‘special’ cause that affects the results. In a control chart the ‘central line’, denoted by a solid line reflects the average of the accumulated data points and passes through the middle of the graph. Control limits are the lines (a specified distance is maintained from the central line) in the control chart which are calculated by using statistical tools and indicate the behavior of the process i.e whether the process is ‘out of control’ or ‘in-control’. There are two type of control limits- (i) the upper control limit (UCL) and (ii) the lower control limit (LCL). UCL and LCL are defined by the following rule: UCL = centre line + 3* SD †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ equ.(1) Recall that a Percentile is given by the division of pointed data in hundred equally divided groups. The nth percentile Pn is defined as- n% of the data points are on or below this

Girl Scout Essay Example for Free

Girl Scout Essay Juliette Gordon Low or Daisy was the founder of Girl Scouts, with the help of Sir Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of the Boy Scouts of America. Baden-Powell had learned that girls wanted to join the scouts, but he was too busy with running the Boy Scouts. He asked Low if she would like to be part of the Girl Guides movement, forming the first group of Girl Guides in Scotland in 1911. In 1912 Low returned to the United States, forming a group in Savannah, Georgia in 1912. In 1915, the Girl Guides became the Girl Scouts and Low became the first president. She stayed active until the time of her death. Her birthday, October 31, is celebrated by the Girl Scouts as Founders Day. Robert Baden-Powell Low was lived in Scotland when she met Sir Robert Baden-Powell at a party, where Low entertained him with stories of travel.[1] Upon further conversation, they learned that they shared a love of sculpting; Low had sculpted members of her family, including her father and one of her cousins.[1] Baden-Powell had started the Boy Scout movement, with a growing membership of boys throughout Great Britain, the United States, France, and Germany.[1] ] Girl Guides Baden-Powell’s sister Agnes had created a group for girls called Girl Guides.[1]:26 Low was interested in this movement, and created a troop in 1911 in Scotland.[1]:26 She taught them many of the skills she had learned from her grandmother, including first aid and cooking.[1]:28 On a trip back to the United States, both Low and Baden-Powell discussed the possibility of creating a Girl Guides group.[1]:28 Upon her return to her home in Savannah, she telephoned her cousin and urged her to rush over, announcing I’ve got something for the girls of Savannah, and all America, and all the world, we’re going to start it tonight![1]

Taylor Theory Of Motivation Commerce Essay

Taylor Theory Of Motivation Commerce Essay Motivation is the word derived from the word motive which means needs desires wants or drives within the individuals. It is the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals. In the work goal context the psychological factors stimulating the peoples behavior can be One of the most important functions of management is to create willingness among the employees to perform in the best of their abilities. Therefore the role of a leader is to arouse interest in performance of employees in their jobs. The process of motivation consists of the stages: A felt need or drive A stimulus in which needs have to be aroused When needs are satisfied, the satisfaction or accomplishment of goals. Therefore, we can say that motivation is a psychological phenomenon which means needs and want of the individual tackled by framing an incentive plan. Taylor Theory of Motivation: Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 1917) put forward the idea that workers are motivated mainly by pay. His Theory of Scientific Management argued the following: Workers do not naturally enjoy work and so need close supervision and control.Therefore managers should break down production into a series of small tasks Workers should then be given appropriate training and tools so they can work as efficiently as possible on one set task. Workers are then paid according to the number of items they produce in a set period of time- piece-rate pay. As a result workers are encouraged to work hard and maximize their productivity. Taylors methods were widely adopted as businesses saw the benefits of increased productivity levels and lower unit costs. The most notably advocate was Henry Ford who used them to design the first ever production line, making Ford cars. This was the start of the era of mass production. Taylors approach has close links with the concept of an autocratic management style (managers take all the decisions and simply give orders to those below them) and Macgregors Theory X approach to workers (workers are viewed as lazy and wish to avoid responsibility). However workers soon came to dislike Taylors approach as they were only given boring, repetitive tasks to carry out and were being treated little better than human machines. Firms could also afford to lay off workers as productivity levels increased. This led to an increase in strikes and other forms of industrial action by dis-satisfied workers. Elton Mayo (1880 1949) believed that workers are not just concerned with money but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work (something that Taylor ignored). He introduced the Human Relation School of thought, which focused on managers taking more of an interest in the workers, treating them as people who have worthwhile opinions and realizing that workers enjoy interacting together. Mayo conducted a series of experiments at the Hawthorne factory of the Western Electric Company in Chicago He isolated two groups of women workers and studied the effect on their productivity levels of changing factors such as lighting and working conditions. He expected to see productivity levels decline as lighting or other conditions became progressively worse What he actually discovered surprised him: whatever the change in lighting or working conditions, the productivity levels of the workers improved or remained the same. From this Mayo concluded that workers are best motivated by: Better communication  between managers and workers (Hawthorne workers were consulted over the experiments and also had the opportunity to give feedback) Greater manager involvement  in employees working lives (Hawthorne workers responded to the increased level of attention they were receiving) Working in groups or teams  (Hawthorne workers did not previously regularly work in teams) In practice therefore businesses should re-organize production to encourage greater use of team working and introduce personnel departments to encourage greater manager involvement in looking after employees interests. His theory most closely fits in with a paternalistic style of management. C:Usersraja atifDesktopimage083.png Figure 2.Explain the Taylor motivation theory. The Expectancy theory: The Expectancy theory states that employees motivation is an outcome of how much an individual wants a reward. You can check the employee how is doing efforts for his work and how he understand his work and how much he is giving good results individually or in team work. Is he having a leadership quality? He is having a good communication skills .Is he updated with all kinds of information regarding company and also with the market. If he is having a good post in the company how he utilizes his powers in work .He must be a very honest person and also not using his power in wrong ways. He should have great temperament to build good relationship with colleagues. If some person is doing mistakes and lack of knowledge he is available for him or her to guide. C:Usersraja atifDesktoppicture_vroom_expectancy_theory.gif Figure 3.Explain the Expectancy theory. How can business leaders keep employees motivated? Small businesses can take a number of steps in a bid to keep their employees motivated, it has been claimed. Kevin Friary, clinical director at Right Management Workplace Wellness, said that when work is largely physical and repetitive, money is a good motivator. So for businesses operating in this arena, the development of clear financial mechanisms to reward effort will produce more motivation. For others the picture is more complicated; in fact, evidence suggests that when you are looking at brainpower, the more money you throw at people the less productivity you achieve, Mr Friery noted. Motivated staff tends to be people who are given opportunities to excel in an area in which they have specialist abilities. Employees should spend at least a small amount of time at work doing things that stretch them, he suggested. This gives them the opportunity to contribute and see the difference they are making. Giving people flexibility to arrange their work in a way in which they feel they have some control is an important motivating factor, Mr. Friary added. He said managers who see a key part of their role as identifying people doing something right are far more motivating than those who are simply quick to point out the errors.   Perhaps most important is clarity and honesty, linked to performance management, Mr. Friary added. He said that by setting clear performance indicators, along with a good measurement process, both employee and employer can engage in a dialogue about the working relationship and develop an adult, motivated engagement. C:Usersraja atifDesktopSmall-business_666_801364498_0_0_14059739_562.jpg Figure .4.explain how can leaders motivate there employees. INTEL CASE STUDY: According to Intel Corporation the desire of employees is everything for them. By having these kind of idea in their mind Intel is giving financial benefits to their employees which differ from other companies like for motivating the employee for their work Intel has many financial benefits which are like Intel has giving free laptops to their employees so the employees can store all of their personal and confidential data on their computer. They are as follows: Health benefit: Intel is not giving the health benefit only for their employees but they are also giving benefits to the whole family of that employee. By doing this Intel is giving benefit to the whole family. Leave: If a employee want to take break he just have to go and tell the company for a leave and the company will give leave to the employee without asking any further question. Retirement: If an employee is being retired from the company he can still be in contact with the company. If an employee cant afford his cost of living then company will pay his cost of living without taking any kind of work from him. Case study of Sheraton Hotels: Sheraton is a big international chain of hotels and resort. Sheraton hotels are one of the best brands in the hospitality industry. Sheraton is providing best services to their guest. The person who pays for staying in the hotel called guest but Sheraton also consider employees as an internal guests. Thats why Sheraton hotels give lots of motivation benefits to the employees with the basic salaries .Sheraton give bonus, medical facilities, school fee of the employee kids, Air ticket, and 50 % discount in Sheraton made things like if you buy cake from Sheraton hotel they will give you 50% discount as a employee and if you are living in KL and working in Sheraton KL and you are going to Karachi Pakistan and you want to stay in Karachi Sheraton hotel then if you are on management post then room meal is totally free and if you are working in 3rd level then room is free and you just have to pay for meals. After the retirement of the employee Sheraton hotel also give a chance to employees son or daughter to work in Sheraton. Discussion: Companies are successful because of their employees. For example. Sheraton is a big chain of Hotels and resorts it is giving lots of financial rewards for motivation and appreciate their employees by giving bonus, appreciation letter, birthday cake,2 or 3 night stay in any Sheraton hotel, Hajj allowance etc. As we know that Pakistan is facing few problems like Terrorist Attacks, Political stabilities etc but in this atmosphere Sheraton Karachi Hotel is going well and also getting more then 800 crores. Employees of this hotel are working so hard and what they are doing hotel is motivating them by giving financial rewards and benefits. If you see the Intel Company it is also giving lots of benefits to their employees. As employees can give their best so its necessary to give financial rewards and benefits after doing hard work which they deserve. Conclusion: The company after investing millions of dollars, all they require is return over investment which is a lot more depended on productivity of employees, the best human resource will only move to the employer who always keeps them happy, so that they can perform their best on job. After analyzing the success of companies like Microsoft, Sheraton, Google etc. and understanding the benefits provided to employees within organization, without any doubts it can be stated that certainly, happy employees are the one whos taking them to heights.

poland history Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Poles who were West Slavic people established Poland in the late 5th century. History was first written in the 10th century about Poland when the Polish nation changed into Christianity in 966. Prince Mieszko I was the first ruler and his son, Boleslaw I, was the first king of Poland. This established the Piast dynasty that lasted from 966 to 1370. During the Piast dynasty there where Piast kings with a lot of rivalries from nobility and Bohemian and Germanic invasions that made Poland a very troubled country. The last king of the dynasty was Casimir III, crowned in 1333. He extended Polish influence eastward to Lithuania and Russia. He acquired Pomerania from the Teutonic Knights and shifted borders between Poland and Germany. During his 37-year reign a university was established, laws were made more organized, castles grew strong, and minority groups were given protection (Grolier). The Polish nobility selected Jagello as grand duke of Lithuania in 1836, to rule by arranging his marriage to the Polish Princess Jadwiga. The initial personal union with Lithuania was formalized only 200 years later by the Union of Lublin in 1569 and it produced a state that extended from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south (Grolier). Poland’s Golden Age started when Poland won the Battle of Tannenberg in 1410 against the Teutonic Order. The Polish would deal very well with threats from other countries. It was slowly devolving to rule under nobility that led the state to its disintegration (Grolier). The Polish Renaissance of the 16th century produced a flourishing of arts and intellectual life. Some examples are the scientific work of Copernicus and the lyric poetry of Jan Kochanowski. Protestantism grew in Poland during this time and the Jewish community, which has been around Poland since the 14th century, won the right of self-government. The economic wealth at this time was based on grain exports (Grolier). The Jagello dynasty ended in 1572, with the death of Sigismund II. The power was then transferred from aristocracy to the broader class of nobility called the szlachta. From 1573 to the last partition of Poland in 1795 the Republican Commonwealth was organized by a system of elective monarchy and of a Sejm (Parliament), meaning each noble had a vote. Even though the kings had to follow the idea of szlachta rule, they still used their own idea... ...e the best. Two examples are the fall of Jan Olszewski, because he tried making a list of former high ranking communist collaborators, and the first women to be Prime Minister, Hanna Suchocka, who lost by a no-confident vote. The people split in groups and accused Walesa and the roundtable negotiators to sell out to communist when it was they that could help if the economy falls (Szczepkowski). In 1995, Walesa was beat by Aleksander Kwasniewski, whose campaign asked people to look into the future and forget about the past, for presidency. The church suffered because it made many efforts to influence politics and tried to influence Poland to become a post communist society, but sometimes backfired (Szczepkowski). Bibliography Culture in People’s Poland. Ed. Tadeusz Galinski. Poland: a Country of Study. Ed. Glenn E. Curtis 3rd ed. Lanham:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bernan Press, 1994. â€Å"Poland.† Britannica Online. 2001. Encyclopedia Britannica. 12 November 2001 â€Å"Poland.† 1998 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. CD-ROM.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Danbury: Grolier Interactive Inc., 1998.

jacksonian :: essays papers

jacksonian Although the flood waters of poverty, unemployment, and famine known as the Great Depression began to recede under Hoover’s administration, it was Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his administration who saw to the retreat of the destitute ways of life that had enveloped the nation. When FDR took office, he intended to change the government in order to include help for the plight of the â€Å"forgotten man†. He had a plan for the change known as the â€Å"New Deal†. Roosevelt’s New Deal programs aimed at three R’s - relief, recovery, and reform. Also, through his New Deal programs, one can see all he did during the Depression to relieve suffering and jump start the economy. In the New Deal program, Roosevelt had short and long - range goals. One of his first short-range goals was relief - especially in the first 100 days. At the time of Roosevelt’s inauguration, one out of every four people was unemployed. Since FDR was intent upon ending human suffering first and foremost, he decided to be open about using federal money to aid the unemployed. With the okay from FDR, the Hundred Days Congress passed much legislation in order to help in the first short range goal - to give immediate relief. In 1933, Congress created the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which provided employment in fresh - air government camps for about 3 million uniformed young men. Their work included reforestation, fire fighting, flood control, and swamp drainage. Also new in 1933 was the Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA). It was the first major effort of Congress to deal with the unemployed adults, and its chief purpose was immediate relief rather than long-range re covery. Other legislation passed by Congress included the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC), and Civil Works Administration (CWA). Roosevelt’s other short - term goal, recovery, was also off to a good start in the first 100 days of FDR’s administration. There were many legislative acts passed by Congress in order to allow for a quick recovery for the nation. The two best examples of recovery in the first 100 days would be the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which allowed the president to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks, and the National Industrial Recovery Act. The National Industrial Recovery Act, which created the National Recovery Administration (NRA), designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed, and the Public Works Administration (PWA), intended for industrial recovery, as well as unemployment relief.

Five Forces Analysis: Adidas

Five Forces Analysis Intensity of Competitive Rivalry There are several firms fiercely competing Adidas for more market share, including Nike, Puma, Reebok and Umbro to name a few. Adidas must ensure that their goods are of a high quality and at a reasonable price in order to keep their market share in this industry. Intensity in this industry is high as there are a large number of organisations with similar products all trying to gain market share. Threat of Entry to the Industry by New CompetitorsThere isn’t very much of a threat of new competitors to Adidas as there are high barriers of entry to this industry, such as, high set up costs, economies of scale, legal barriers, marketing barrier and control over raw materials. This means that not many new organisations could break into this industry, as it would be very expensive to start up and run a company that could be a threat to a major brand such as Adidas. Also, Research and Development costs are to be considered, as the y would be extremely high due to the organisation not having any previous knowledge about the industry or about designing and producing the goods.Another point why it is highly unlikely that a new organisation could enter the industry and compete with Adidas is they will either have to pay out loads of money on factories and machinery for producing their goods, which could backfire if they were not to succeed, or they could try to compete without a factory or machinery for production, this wouldn’t work as the new organisation wouldn’t be able to produce enough products to compete with any leading brands such as Adidas, Nike, Puma, Reebok etc.Threat from Substitute Products or Services There is a threat to Adidas from other manufacturers’ products as there are many companies that produce football boots. However, Adidas produce football boots that have unique features, such as the rubber pads on the boots. Therefore, as Adidas’s products are unique they ha ve an edge over their competitors as non of their products have rubber pads on their boots. This will help Adidas to sell more products and ultimately put the other organisations out of business.Also, substitutes for football boots could also include footwear and sports clothes for other sports as people could take up new sports. Power of Suppliers Adidas raw materials to make football boots are not supplied by a monopoly. This gives Adidas more power to dictate the price at which they buy their raw materials, as there are a large number of competitive suppliers. Power of Buyers Adidas’s products are mainly sold in bulk to major sports outlets such as JJB Sports, JD Sports and Sports Soccer.Also, large amounts of products are sold in bulk to online stores such as Pro Direct Soccer and Sports Shoes. As Adidas rely quite heavily o these buyers they have to sell their products at relatively low prices. However, there are a small amount of customers who buy products directly from Adidas, when Adidas sell their products to one off customers they can dictate the price as Adidas don’t rely on making these sales.